Hydraulic conductivity coefficient of saturated soil as one of its important physical properties indicates water movement in soil. However Guelph permeameter method is very simple, it has a robust theoretical fundamental. The main difficalty of the Guelph method is the double DEPTH experiments which causes negative or irrational results in some of Kfs values because of its heterogeneous equations This difficalty can be resolved by SINGLE DEPTH ANALYSES of Guelph equation set. This research is based upon the results of SINGLE and multiple DEPTH analysis of Guelph method in comparison to inverted auger hole method at three different DEPTHs. Hydraulic conductivity DEPTH variation was assessed by both inverted auger hole and Guelph permeameter methods. The experiments were performed in 30 holes at three different DEPTHs of 60, 90 and 120 centimeters and simultaneously the samplings were done at the holes for exploration experiments. The experimental results show that Guelph permeameter ANALYSES estimates three times at 60 centimeter DEPTH and five times at 90 and 120 centimeters DEPTH less than the results got by inverted auger hole method. Laplace analysis gets higher values and the results made by basic regression analysis of Richards have the least variations and were close to the two DEPTH analysis. The variation of hydraulic conductivity had a decreasing trend with DEPTHs This lands. But, this variation was not constant and its gradient decreases through DEPTH.

Considering the importance of scouring in the design of bridges, nowadays, to increase the accuracy of scour DEPTH estimation, artificial neural networks are used. In this research, a model for estimating scour DEPTH around the bridge pier group was used by a new method called support vector machine. In this method, the statistical parameters of RMSE, R 2, DC, were used to evaluate the performance of the models. The results showed that using compounds of the sedimentary and hydraulic parameters in the support vector data model provided better results in estimation of scour DEPTH. For example, in tripod mode, the assessment criteria values for the scenario 1 (hydraulic parameters), were R 2 = 0. 9914, DC = 0. 9758 and RMSE= 0. 0576, and for scenario two (hydraulic and sediment parameters), were to R 2 = 0. 9924, DC = 0. 9803 and RMSE = 0. 0529, which indicated better performance of the support vector machine in the second scenario. Finally, non-linear equations were presented for calculating the scour DEPTH around the inclined SINGLE and group piers.

Solar still is a device, used to convert brackish water into distill water but the major issue low profitability and it is imperative to outline an ideal device. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can help designers to improve the execution of a sun oriented still for a given cost. In this study, we examine the capacity of CFD simulation in calculation of heat and mass transfer in a SINGLE basin sun powered still. Experiments were performed in month of June in Jaipur, India. In this work, SINGLE basin solar still was fabricated and then optimized using CFD based methodology for water DEPTH of 0. 01m, 0. 02m and 0. 03 m. CFD based results help in a designing a solar still with maximum yield productivity of distilled water. It was concluded that maximum yield was achieved when water DEPTH has minimum value i. e. 0. 01 m. Total dissolved solid (TDS) value for sample water taken at water basin was in range of 500 PPM but after distillation water at output reaches below 50 PPM. Therefore, solar still was capable of improving the quality of water and brackish water of high TDS value can be reduced and used for drinking purpose.

Background and Objectives: DEPTH from defocus and defocus deblurring from a SINGLE image are two challenging problems caused by the finite DEPTH of field in conventional cameras. Coded aperture imaging is a branch of computational imaging, which is used to overcome these two problems. Up to now, different methods have been proposed for improving the results of either defocus deblurring or DEPTH estimation. In this paper, an asymmetric coded aperture is proposed which improves results of DEPTH estimation and defocus deblurring from a SINGLE input image.Methods: To this aim, a multi-objective optimization function taking into consideration both deblurring results and DEPTH discrimination ability is proposed. Since aperture throughput affects on image quality, our optimization function is defined based on illumination conditions and camera specifications which yields an optimized throughput aperture. Because the designed pattern is asymmetric, defocused objects on two sides of the focal plane can be distinguished. DEPTH estimation is performed using a new algorithm, which is based on perceptual image quality assessment criteria and can discern blurred objects lying in front or behind the focal plane.Results: Extensive simulations as well as experiments on a variety of real scenes are conducted to compare the performance of our aperture with previously proposed ones.Conclusion: Our aperture has been designed for indoor illumination settings. However, the proposed method can be utilized for designing and evaluating appropriate aperture patterns for different imaging conditions.

SINGLE point incremental sheet forming (SPISF) has demonstrated significant potential to form complex sheet metal parts without using component-specific tools and is suitable for fabricating low-volume functional sheet metal parts economically. In the SPIF process, a ball nose tool moves along a predefined tool path to form the sheet. This work aims to optimize the formability and forming forces of Al/Cu bimetal sheet formed by the SINGLE-point incremental forming process. Two levels of tool diameter, step size, tool path and sheet arrangement were considered as the input process parameters. The process parameters influential in the formability and forming forces have been identified using the statistical tool (response table, main effect plot and ANOVA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to indicate potential differences among the means of variables by testing the amount of population within each sample, which enabled it to show the effects of input variables on output ones. A multi response optimization was conducted to find the optimum values for input parameters by response surface methodology (RSM), and the confirmatory experiment revealed the reliability of RSM for this approach.

The aim of this study is the calibration and validation of the physical-empirical SLSM model for simulation of the snow DEPTH in the Saghez synoptic station. For this purpose, essential daily meteorological data of the model for the time period of 1992-2014 were prepared from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and by applying the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method, that performed by considering 15 parameters and performing 15000 simulations and using both Coefficient of Determination and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency indices for evaluating the accuracy of the model, Calibration and validation of the model were performed for the 1992-2009 and 2010-2014 time periods, respectively. Calibration process of the model was led to extracting 108 behavioral simulations and for performing validation of the model, the median of the 108 behavioral simulations was considered as the final output of the model and compared with the measured snow DEPTH data. The results of the model validation showed that in most of the cases, the calibrated SLSM model has an acceptable efficiency to following the fluctuations of the measured snow DEPTH data but it partly underestimates high values of the snow DEPTH.

One of the important relationships which are used in the estimation of river discharges and floods is Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF). The accuracy of this relation is dependent on the accuracy of its parameters which need to be found based on short-duration rainfall DEPTHs (such as 15, 30, 60 minutes, and so on) for a long term (i. e. 30 consecutive years). Unfortunately, only 24-hour rainfall DEPTHs are available in many rainfall stations in Iran. Various empirical relations are available to convert 24-hour rainfall DEPTH to sub-daily. One of these methods is IMD and its accuracy in some regions is low. In this research, the IMD method was transformed into a SINGLE-parameter equation and then, this parameter is evaluated for some rainfall stations in Iran. To do this, maximum 24, 12, 6, and 3-hour rainfall DEPTHs were extracted and their frequencies were calculated using Weibull and Gumbel methods. Regional coefficients in the modified IMD method were estimated using a linear regression method. Although the power of the IMD method is 0.33, results showed that this parameter for the rainfall stations ranged from 0.28 to 0.35. To make more comparison, the IDF relation of Kordan’s watershed was calculated using the short-duration rainfall DEPTH which was estimated using the modified IMD, and then, this IDF was compared to observed data and Ghahraman’s relation which is commonly used in Iran. The comparison showed that the modified IMD relation could estimate the short-duration rainfall data better than Ghahraman’s relation. After calibration of the modified IMD relation for various regions in Iran, the sub-daily rainfall DEPTH can be obtained with high accuracy.

Background: Although the DEPTH of the counting chamber is an important factor influencing sperm counting, no research has yet been reported on the measurement and comparison of the DEPTH of the chamber. We measured the exact DEPTHs of six kinds of sperm counting chambers and evaluated their accuracy.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, the DEPTHs of six kinds of sperm counting chambers for both manual and computer-aided semen ANALYSES, including Makler (n=24), Macro (n=32), Geoffrey (n=34), GoldCyto (n=20), Leja (n=20) and Cell-VU (n=20), were measured with the Filmetrics F20 Spectral Reflectance Thin-Film Measurement System, then the mean DEPTH, the range and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each chamber, and the mean DEPTH, relative deviation and acceptability of each kind of chamber were calculated by the closeness to the nominal value. Among the 24 Makler chambers, 5 were new and 19 were used, and the other five kinds were all new chambers.Results: The DEPTHs (mean±SD, mm) of Makler (new), Macro and Geoffrey chambers were 11.07±0.41, 10.19±0.48 and 10.00±0.28, respectively, while those of GoldCyto, Leja and Cell-VU chambers were 23.76±2.15, 20.49±0.22 and 24.22±2.58, respectively. The acceptability of Geoffrey chambers was the highest (94.12%), followed by Macro (65.63%), Leja (35%) and Makler (20%), while that of the other two kinds and the used Makler chamber was zero.Conclusion: There existed some difference between the actual DEPTH and the corresponding nominal value for sperm counting chambers, and the overall acceptability was very low. Moreover, the abrasion caused by the long use, as of Makler chamber, for example, may result in unacceptability of the chamber. In order to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of sperm concentration results, the DEPTH of the sperm counting chamber must be checked regularly.